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For instance, backward digit span is used in Wechsler Intelligence Scales (Wechsler, 2008), the Mini Mental Status Examination (Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975), the British Abilities Scales II (Elliot, 1996), and the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (Pickering & Gathercole, 2001). In effect, backward recall is incorporated in widely used tests. Furthermore, backward recall is one of the most frequently used methods in clinical and neuropsychological research and assessment.

Nevertheless, backward recall performance and error types have helped to test the predictions and limits of models in the area and hence contribute to theoretical developments (Beaudry, Saint-Aubin, Guérard, Pâquet, 2018 Donolato et al., 2017 Henson, 1998 Oberauer et al., 2018 Page & Norris, 1998 Hulme, Roodenrys, Schweickert, Brown, Martin, & Stuart, 1997 Saint-Aubin, Guérard, Chamberland, & Malenfant, 2014). Although backward recall has been studied for over a century (see Blankenship, 1938, for an early literature review and Donolato, Giofré, & Mammarella, 2017, for a recent literature review), it is less well understood than forward recall (Lewandowsky & Farrell, 2008).

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In addition to this standard immediate serial recall task, there is a version in which participants recall items by beginning with the last presented item and ending with the first. In a typical immediate serial recall task, participants recall lists of items immediately after their presentation, beginning with the first presented item and ending with the last one. Overall, results can be explained by calling upon a modified version of the visuospatial hypothesis.

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As predicted by the visuospatial hypothesis, when manual tapping was performed during recall, its detrimental effect was limited to backward recall. In Experiment 5, recall direction was known before list presentation. As in the first two experiments, manual tapping disputed forward and backward recall to the same extent. In Experiment 4, articulatory suppression was performed on all trials and manual tapping was added on half of them. In Experiment 3, dynamic visual noise did not influence recall performance. However, the detrimental effect of manual tapping did not vary as a function of recall direction or processing stage.

In Experiments 1 and 2, fewer words were recalled with manual tapping than in the control condition. In the first four experiments, recall direction was only communicated at the point of recall. The interference task was performed during list presentation or at recall. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis with a dual-task paradigm in which manual-spatial tapping and dynamic visual noise were used as the interfering tasks. These inconsistencies have been attributed to the greater involvement of visuospatial representations in backward than in forward recall at the point of retrieval. In an immediate memory task, when participants are asked to recall list items in reverse order, benchmark memory phenomena found with more typical forward recall are not consistently reproduced.